What is the term for widespread flaking of a hardened concrete surface?

The term for widespread flaking of a hardened concrete surface is known as "scale." This phenomenon occurs when the surface of the concrete experiences a breakdown, often due to exposure to moisture, freezing and thawing cycles, or de-icing salts. As the outer layer of the concrete weakens, it begins to flake away in small, thin layers, which is recognized as scaling.

Crazing refers to fine cracks that form on the surface of concrete, often seen as a network of hairline fractures. Efflorescence involves the white, powdery substance that can appear on the surface of concrete due to soluble salts coming to the surface when moisture evaporates. Chalking relates to the powdery residue that forms on surfaces as a result of UV degradation of paint or other coatings, rather than the concrete itself.

Understanding the differences between these terms aids in recognizing and diagnosing surface issues in concrete, essential for effective repair and maintenance in carpentry and building construction.